cholestyramine group  (MedChemExpress)

Journal: Cell Proliferation

Article Title: Cholestyramine alleviates bone and muscle loss in irritable bowel syndrome via regulating bile acid metabolism

doi: 10.1111/cpr.13638

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cholestyramine alleviates IBS phenotypes in IBS mice. (A) Schematic representation illustrating the experimental design. (B) Quantification of total BAs (left), primary BAs (middle) and secondary BAs (right) in the faeces of mice after cholestyramine treatment ( N = 6). (C) Body weight change during the 7‐week experimental phase ( N = 8). (D) DAI score evaluation ( N = 8). (E) Faecal water content evaluation ( N = 8). (F,G) Representative images (F) and quantitative analyses of colon (G) ( N = 8). (H) AWR score evaluation in mice ( N = 8). (I) DAO content detection in mice ( N = 8). Values are represented as the average ± standard deviation. The significance level (p value) was determined through one‐way ANOVA. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; **** p < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: For cholestyramine group, mice were intragastric administrated with cholestyramine (Medchemexpress, HY‐104081, 800 mg/kg/d) during the model induction period.

Techniques: Standard Deviation

Journal: Cell Proliferation

Article Title: Cholestyramine alleviates bone and muscle loss in irritable bowel syndrome via regulating bile acid metabolism

doi: 10.1111/cpr.13638

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cholestyramine alleviates IBS‐induced bone and muscle loss in mice. (A) Representative μCT images of distal femoral metaphyseal trabecular bone. (B) Quantitative analysis of bone mass, including BMD, BV/TV, Tb. Th and Tb. N ( N = 8). Scale bar, 500 μm. (C,D) Representative images (C) and quantification (D) of new bone formation assessed by dynamic histomorphometric analyses ( N = 8). Scale bar, 25 μm. (E,F) Representative images (E) of OSX (green) and OPN (red) immunostainings and quantification (F) of OPN + and OSX + area on distal femurs ( N = 8). Scale bar, 100 and 25 μm, respectively. (G) mRNA Expressions of Atrogin‐1 and Murf‐1 in gastrocnemius, tested by qPCR ( N = 3). (H,I) Representative images of H&E staining in gastrocnemius cross‐sections (H) and frequency distribution of CSA (I) ( N = 8). Scale bar, 100 μm. (J) Representative immunofluorescence images to visualize specific types of muscle fibres. Type I (purple), type IIA (green), type IIX (not shown) and type IIB (red) ( N = 8). Scale bar, 100 μm. (K) Fibre type composition ( N = 8). Values are represented as the average ± standard deviation. The significance level ( p value) was determined through one‐way ANOVA. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: For cholestyramine group, mice were intragastric administrated with cholestyramine (Medchemexpress, HY‐104081, 800 mg/kg/d) during the model induction period.

Techniques: Staining, Immunofluorescence, Standard Deviation

Journal: Cell Proliferation

Article Title: Cholestyramine alleviates bone and muscle loss in irritable bowel syndrome via regulating bile acid metabolism

doi: 10.1111/cpr.13638

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cholestyramine regulates gut microbiota composition in IBS mice. (A) Venn diagram analysis of gene numbers detected in three groups. (B) The box plot illustrates α ‐Diversity using the Shannon and Simpson indices. (C) Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) of β ‐diversity at the phylum tier is conducted via a Bray–Curtis matrix comparison for three groups. (D) Structure plot of the relative faecal bacterial abundances in phylum, class and genus‐level based on Bray–Curtis distance. (E,F) Analysis of Cladogram generated from LEfSe (E) and LDA score (F) across different taxa levels. Values are represented as the average ± standard deviation. The significance level ( p value) was determined through one‐way ANOVA.

Article Snippet: For cholestyramine group, mice were intragastric administrated with cholestyramine (Medchemexpress, HY‐104081, 800 mg/kg/d) during the model induction period.

Techniques: Comparison, Generated, Standard Deviation

Journal: Cell Proliferation

Article Title: Cholestyramine alleviates bone and muscle loss in irritable bowel syndrome via regulating bile acid metabolism

doi: 10.1111/cpr.13638

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic diagram showing the role of cholestyramine in ameliorating bone and muscle loss in irritable bowel syndrome. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) causes gut dysfunction, reflected by a change in bowel habits alongside abdominal discomfort. This leads to osteosarcopenia, characterized by bone loss and muscle deterioration. Bile acids are notably increased, and the taxa for bile acid transformation are decreased during this process. Administration of cholestyramine lowers the bile acids content and restores this gut microbiota balance, which subsequently results in an alleviation in bone and muscle loss under IBS condition.

Article Snippet: For cholestyramine group, mice were intragastric administrated with cholestyramine (Medchemexpress, HY‐104081, 800 mg/kg/d) during the model induction period.

Techniques: Transformation Assay